Indications

Diagnosis of blood diseases: To diagnose various hematological diseases, including different types of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. For the diagnosis of anemia, including aplastic anemia and other blood cell production disorders. Assessment of disease status: To monitor the course of the disease and response to treatment in patients with hematological malignancies. To detect minimal residual disease after treatment. Assessment of unexplained changes in blood cells: When there are unexplained changes in the number or appearance of blood cells, such as unexplained leukopenia (low white blood cell count), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), or erythrocytopenia (low red blood cell count). Detection of infections or metastases: To identify infections that may spread or affect the bone marrow. To detect metastases in certain types of cancer. Before bone marrow transplantation: As part of the assessment before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.

How is it performed?

The patient is usually given a local anesthetic at the site of puncture to minimize pain and discomfort during the procedure, and, at the patient's choice, sedation may also be provided.
The physician uses a special needle that is inserted through the skin and the layer of bone to access the bone marrow. A small amount of bone marrow is aspirated (drawn) through the needle. The obtained sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis. Tests may include a microscopic examination, cytogenetic analysis, immunophenotyping, or molecular analysis. The patient may feel slight pressure or pain at the puncture site, which usually passes after a short time. It is recommended to rest for a while after the procedure, after which normal activities can be resumed.